Présentation des boules Frac - Boules de fracturation
Pour exploiter des réservoirs de gaz étanches, il est nécessaire de pouvoir fracturer les puits conformément aux exigences de la production. La plupart nécessitent plusieurs fractures transversales à des emplacements spécifiques dans le puits horizontal. Afin de maximiser la productivité, la création de multiples fractures est d’une importance cruciale.
Une méthode populaire pour créer des fractures consiste à utiliser des ports de fracturation et des manchons coulissants. Les packers à trous ouverts isolent différentes sections du puits horizontal. Un manchon coulissant est placé entre chaque paire de garnitures d'étanchéité et est ouvert en injectant une balle à l'intérieur du trou de forage. En règle générale, une chaîne de composition est placée à l'intérieur du puits. La chaîne comprend des ports de fracturation et des obturateurs à trous ouverts espacés aux spécifications. L'espacement entre les emballeurs peut aller jusqu'à plusieurs centaines de pieds. Les packers sont actionnés par des mécanismes mécaniques, hydrauliques ou chimiques. Pour activer chaque manchon, une balle de taille appropriée est pompée avec un fluide de fracturation à l'intérieur du puits. Chaque balle est plus petite que l'ouverture de toutes les manches précédentes, mais plus grande que la manche à ouvrir. L’assise de la balle exerce une pression à la fin de l’ensemble manchon coulissant, ce qui la fait glisser et ouvre les orifices de fracturation. Une fois que l'orifice est ouvert, le fluide est dévié dans l'espace à ciel ouvert à l'extérieur de l'ensemble d'achèvement, ce qui permet à la formation de se fracturer.
À la fin de chaque étape de fracturation, la balle suivante la plus grosse est injectée dans le puits, qui ouvre le prochain manchon, et ainsi de suite, jusqu'à ce que tous les manchons soient ouverts et que de multiples fractures soient créées dans le puits. Le principal avantage de cette technique de finition est la rapidité d’opération qui réduit également les coûts.
En règle générale, les tailles de balle sont organisées par incréments de .500 "ou .250". Il est improtant de comprendre que ce processus n’est pas sans risque d’échec et qu’il ne devrait être entrepris qu’après de nombreuses recherches et considérations. Les bouchons Frac sont conçus pour sceller uniquement par le dessus du bouchon. Chaque bouchon utilise une bille de fracturation en plastique qui se scelle au-dessus du mandrin. La bille de fracturation est libre de flotter hors du mandrin avec une pression ou un écoulement depuis le dessous du bouchon. Cela permet un retour immédiat de toutes les zones après le traitement.
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