Descripción general de Frac Balls - Fracturing Balls
La explotación de depósitos de gas estrechos requiere la capacidad de fracturar los pozos de acuerdo con los requisitos de producción. La mayoría requiere múltiples fracturas transversales en ubicaciones específicas dentro del pozo horizontal. Para maximizar la productividad, la creación de múltiples fracturas es de importancia crítica.
Un método popular para crear fracturas es el uso de puertos de fractura y mangas deslizantes. Los empacadores de pozo abierto aíslan diferentes secciones del pozo horizontal. Se coloca un manguito deslizante entre cada par de empacadores y se abre inyectando una bola dentro del pozo. Normalmente, una cadena de ajuste se coloca dentro del pozo. La cadena incluye puertos de fractura y empacadores de orificio abierto espaciados según las especificaciones. El espacio entre los embaladores puede ser de varios cientos de pies. Los empacadores son accionados por mecanismos mecánicos, hidráulicos o químicos. Para activar cada manga, se bombea una bola del tamaño adecuado junto con un fluido de fractura dentro del pozo. Cada bola es más pequeña que la apertura de todas las mangas anteriores, pero más grande que la manga que se pretende abrir. El asiento de la bola ejerce presión en el extremo del conjunto del manguito deslizante, lo que hace que se deslice y abra los puertos de fractura. Una vez que se abre el puerto, el fluido se desvía hacia el espacio del agujero abierto fuera del ensamble de terminación, haciendo que la formación se fracture.
Al finalizar cada etapa de fractura, la siguiente bola más grande se inyecta en el pozo, que abre la siguiente manga, y así sucesivamente, hasta que se abren todas las camisas y se crean múltiples fracturas en el pozo. La principal ventaja de esta técnica de terminación es la velocidad de operación que también reduce los costos.
Por lo general, los tamaños de bola se organizan en incrementos de .500 "o .250". Es importante comprender que este proceso no está exento de riesgo de fracaso y solo debe realizarse después de una investigación y consideración considerables. Los enchufes de Frac están diseñados para sellar desde arriba solamente. Cada tapón usa una bola de fracturamiento de plástico que se sella en la parte superior del mandril. La bola de fracturamiento es libre de flotar fuera del mandril con presión o flujo desde debajo del tapón. Esto permite un flujo de retorno inmediato de todas las zonas después del tratamiento.
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